然而在共同体层面上,宪法以及法律对权利的宣称,仅仅表明赋予他人义务的初始理由,从而也就意味着权利不一定必然具有强制力;唯有当权利运用于具体的情境,权利才以强制力的方式体现。即使在权利运用的具体实践中,权利的强制力也不一定得以确立。当可能的义务人持有异议,权利存在的基础理由必须被打开,并与其他人的利益进行衡量,进而合理地确定权利与他人义务之间的关系。当然,在此过程中,权利的衡量并非如功利主义权利论者般体现为通约性的利益衡量。它始终受到人的最终价值本身不可权衡性的基本限制,并具体体现为宪法保留、法律保留、比例原则以及基本权利本质侵害的禁止等约束。
【作者简介】
严海良,单位为南京师范大学法学院。
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